Roman-Germanic Wars Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest was fought in September 9 AD during the Roman-Germanic Wars (113 BC-439 AD). Armies Commanders Germanic Tribes Arminiusapprox. 10,000-12,000 men Roman Empire Publius Quinctilius Varus20,000-36,000 men Background In 6 AD, Publius Quinctilius Varus was assigned to oversee the consolidation of the new province of Germania. Though an experienced administrator, Varus quickly developed a reputation for arrogance and cruelty. By pursuing policies of heavy taxation and showing disrespect for Germanic culture, he caused many of the Germanic tribes that were allied to Rome to reconsider their position as well as drove neutral tribes to open rebellion. During the summer of 9 AD, Varus and his legions worked to put down various small rebellions along the frontier. In these campaigns, Varus led three legions (XVII, XVIII, and XIX), six independent cohorts, and three squadrons of cavalry. A formidable army, it was further supplemented by allied German troops including those of the Cherusci tribe led by Arminius. A close advisor of Varus, Arminius had spent time in Rome as a hostage during which he had been educated in the theories and practice of Roman warfare. Aware that Varus policies were causing unrest, Arminius secretly worked to unite many of the Germanic tribes against the Romans. As fall approached, Varus began moving the army from the Weser River towards its winter quarters along the Rhine. En route, he received reports of uprisings which required his attention. These were fabricated by Arminius who may have suggested that Varus move through the unfamiliar Teutoburg Forest to accelerate the march. Before moving out, a rival Cheruscan nobleman, Segestes, told Varus that Arminius was plotting against him. Varus dismissed this warning as the manifestation of a personal feud between the two Cheruscans. Prior to the army moving out, Arminius departed under the pretext of rallying more allies. Death in the Woods Advancing, the Roman army was strung out in a marching formation with camp followers interspersed. Reports also indicate that Varus neglected to send out scouting parties to prevent an ambush. As the army entered the Teutoburg Forest, a storm broke and a heavy rain began. This, along with poor roads and rough terrain, stretched the Roman column to between nine to twelve miles long. With the Romans struggling through the forest, the first Germanic attacks began. Conducting hit and run strikes, Arminius men picked away at the strung out enemy. Aware that the wooded terrain prevented the Romans from forming for battle, the Germanic warriors worked to gain local superiority against isolated groups of legionaries. Taking losses through the day, the Romans constructed a fortified camp for the night. Pushing forward in the morning, they continued to suffer badly before reaching open country. Seeking relief, Varus began moving towards the Roman base at Halstern which was 60 miles to the southwest. This required re-entering wooded country. Enduring the heavy rain and continued attacks, the Romans pushed on through the night in an effort to escape. The next day, the Romans were faced with a trap prepared by the tribes near Kalkriese Hill. Here the road was constricted by a large bog to the north and the wooded hill to the south. In preparation for meeting the Romans, the Germanic tribesmen had built ditches and walls blocking the road. With few choices remaining, the Romans began a series of assaults against the walls. These were repulsed and in the course of the fighting Numonius Vala fled with the Roman cavalry. With Varus men reeling, the Germanic tribes swarmed over the walls and attacked. Slamming into the mass of Roman soldiers, the Germanic tribesmen overwhelmed the enemy and began a mass slaughter. With his army disintegrating, Varus committed suicide rather than be captured. His example was followed by many of his higher ranking officers. Aftermath of the Battle of Teutoburg Forest While exact numbers are not known, it is estimated that between 15,000-20,000 Roman soldiers were killed in the fighting with additional Romans take prisoner or enslaved. Germanic losses are not known with any certainty. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest saw the complete destruction of three Roman legions and badly angered Emperor Augustus. Stunned by the defeat, Rome began preparing for new campaigns into Germania which began in 14 AD. These ultimately recaptured the standards of the three legions defeated in the forest. Despite these victories, the battle effectively halted Roman expansion at the Rhine.

Impact Of Global Warming On Our Local And National Media...

In order to enact reform in governmental ecology policy, and to prevent the lush effects of Global Warming, our local and national media broadcasters should advertise and educate the American public on the true definition of Global Warming. Because, many major topics like; ecological policy, capitalism, and oil spills are one in the same. During the Op-Ed article The Other Pipeline You Should Worry About, author Dan Kaufman explains that a 2006 environmental assessment done by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency addressed concerns over the safety of Line 61’s expansion—an oil pipeline that currently moves 400,000 barrels of tar sands and lighter conventional crude oil a day from Superior, Wis. Moreover, the type of crude oil being carried down Line 61 is some of the most harmful to the environment, and the company Enbridge wishes to increase the movement of Line 61 to 1.2 million barrels per day. 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The Story of Macbeth Free Essays

In the story of Macbeth, there is a lot of ups and downs that go along. How everyone takes the events that are going on will determine who are the strong ones and who are the weak ones. At one point all of the characters will have a flaw which will cause them to act a certain way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many events that go on shocked, excited, and worried most. Every action will lead to a deeper event. Although everyone seems to have their head together at the beginning, there is alot of flaws that these characters are not showing right away. Most of these characters will leave and reader at a sharp turning point. These situations that the characters are always falling into are because of the characters poor decisions that leave the character where he/she cannot change or controls certains situations. Macbeth’s mind set and actions will show how he really feels about certain situations and help a reader understand why Macbeth’s actions are the way they are. Not just Macbeth’s actions, its Lady Macbeth’s actions too. No one knows which way to turn to when events start to drop out of nowhere. In the story of Macbeth, you can see that the troubled main character, Macbeth is in situations that you can see his flaws clearly, making this story a tragedy. To start off in at 1 of The Tragedy of Macbeth, the setting is in Scotland. Lady Macbeth comes across the three witches, the Weird Sisters, she had made the witches mad so the witches knew to go after her husband. So that is exactly what they did. The witches said they will meet Macbeth â€Å"when the battle’s los and won† and when â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair†. The witches will tell the characters one thing and will think in their head another meaning to what they just said, so the characters will be confused and do or say the wrong things that will cause a huge situations that can be a life of death situation. For example, when the witches told Macbeth that he will be king, also when they told him a human cannot harm him till the trees move. Another thing that the witches did was curse Lady macbeth when she would not give the witches some of her crackers. How to cite The Story of Macbeth, Papers

Competition and People free essay sample

In all of the years of sports there have been many positive and negatives aspects of sports and competition. For all of the evidence shown there have been a lot more positive aspects than negative. In many ways sports have shaped the way that many people live. Some families live and breathe competition. For some people thats their main relationship between parents and kids. Competition is when people go at each other in sports to see who will come out on top. Competition is only healthy for people to participate in. It can give people confidence and learn how to be better overall people. Competition plays a very big role in American society by bringing families and people together. Sports and competition has shaped American society to help bring us together every year. For example the superbowl is one of the most watched events in the world. People who don’t like football still watch the superbowl. We will write a custom essay sample on Competition and People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The super bowl brings people together because people have competitions and rivalries within the game. In the â€Å"In My Tribe† article Terry McDonell says â€Å" I believe our hard, beautiful games shaped us for the better. † What McDonell is saying is that sports and competition have shaped America to the point where in a lot of families it’s what brings them together. However in the Case Against Competition Alfie Kohn says â€Å" One person can succeed only if the other fails. † Alfie Kohn makes a very valid argument however in the end can’t competition just be for fun too even if one does fail, its called good sportsmanship. People should be happy that they get the chance to compete against others because there are a lot of kids who don’t get the chance like for the kids whose parents want their kids to only focus on education. Or the kids that live in areas where they can’t afford to fund a sports team. If there is no sportsmanship well then yes there will be some hurt feelings or crushed dreams even, but thats why you need to look at competition as always a lucky chance because not everyone gets the chance to compete. You need to grow up with competition because you will be prepared for competition later in life like in the working world. Competition helps people in the working world because they grew up knowing that in order to be successful people need to know how to compete you would have a higher chance of making a big mistake in the working world. McDonell is right competition does shape us for the better. Without rivalries sports just wouldn’t be what they are today. A rivalry means that two hated teams with a bit of history compete against each other to see who ends up winning and get bragging rights. I have been apart of many rivalries in my life. Rivalries can shape families relationships because on a day of a rivalry game it is something big to talk about maybe your family is half one team and half the other. These games can stir up competition themselves. Many families will place bets like money on who will win or make the loser do something for them. Rivalries are without a doubt one of the greatest parts of competition. In sports there can be very memorable moments that can shape sports today. Some people compete hard because they want to be like their favorite athlete. There is many memorable performances to think about like when Michael Jordan was sick in the playoffs but played through and won the game. Or when Rajon Rondo dislocated his elbow but played through the pain and led his team to a victory. These are the types of performances that shape our sports today and why our professional, college, and high school athletes compete hard every time they step on the field or the court to strive to be there best and make the opposing team remember him or her. Sports can have a very high reward if you play in professional. It is very good money. If you play professional sports you are pretty much set for life and another plus is that it is a very early retirement. So there really isn’t a good reason not to have competition. Competition keeps people healthy. It is not only fun but it will keep you in shape it is good for young kids to do because they dont know how else to work out its not like they can lift weights. All of this information relates back to Jordan and Rando because they are professionals, they do make a lot of money, they did work hard to be where they are today. They create memorable moments that can shape our society because athletes could be looking up to those performances and want to end up like them. In sports and competition from the reading sports and competition is more than just a sport to see who wins. It can be a long tradition almost like a tradition for some families that start when people are very young. Sports are full of memorable moments that people cherish and remember. keeping all of those factors in mind overall sports and competition helps shape American society for the better. Annotated Bibliography Kohn, Alfie. The Case Against Competition. Working Mother. N. p. , Sept. 1987. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. â€Å"The Case Against Competition† by Alfie Kohn is about Kohn trying to convince mother’s that competition is bad on kids and doesn’t help them succeed in life. Kohn talks about how competition makes kid less creative and not as polite or empathic for people or certain things. Kohn also talks about how limiting competition in our society will make it a better place for people to live in. Also that by limiting competition we will learn to work with everyone and not be out to get anyone and try and outdo someone else. McDonell, Terry. In My Tribe. Sports Illustrated. N. p. , 28 Nov. 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. In My Tribe† by Terry McDonell is about the stories we take away from watching sporting events and by listening to other people talk about the stories that have made memories for them. Also that by having a common story with someone will bring you closer to that person even if you have nothing else to talk about with them, you can always have sports to fall back on. He also talks about how marketing has changed and so has the media. That sports media and marketing has changed sports for the worse but that common people like us only care about the moments and the memories we take away from them.