Roman-Germanic Wars Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest was fought in September 9 AD during the Roman-Germanic Wars (113 BC-439 AD). Armies Commanders Germanic Tribes Arminiusapprox. 10,000-12,000 men Roman Empire Publius Quinctilius Varus20,000-36,000 men Background In 6 AD, Publius Quinctilius Varus was assigned to oversee the consolidation of the new province of Germania. Though an experienced administrator, Varus quickly developed a reputation for arrogance and cruelty. By pursuing policies of heavy taxation and showing disrespect for Germanic culture, he caused many of the Germanic tribes that were allied to Rome to reconsider their position as well as drove neutral tribes to open rebellion. During the summer of 9 AD, Varus and his legions worked to put down various small rebellions along the frontier. In these campaigns, Varus led three legions (XVII, XVIII, and XIX), six independent cohorts, and three squadrons of cavalry. A formidable army, it was further supplemented by allied German troops including those of the Cherusci tribe led by Arminius. A close advisor of Varus, Arminius had spent time in Rome as a hostage during which he had been educated in the theories and practice of Roman warfare. Aware that Varus policies were causing unrest, Arminius secretly worked to unite many of the Germanic tribes against the Romans. As fall approached, Varus began moving the army from the Weser River towards its winter quarters along the Rhine. En route, he received reports of uprisings which required his attention. These were fabricated by Arminius who may have suggested that Varus move through the unfamiliar Teutoburg Forest to accelerate the march. Before moving out, a rival Cheruscan nobleman, Segestes, told Varus that Arminius was plotting against him. Varus dismissed this warning as the manifestation of a personal feud between the two Cheruscans. Prior to the army moving out, Arminius departed under the pretext of rallying more allies. Death in the Woods Advancing, the Roman army was strung out in a marching formation with camp followers interspersed. Reports also indicate that Varus neglected to send out scouting parties to prevent an ambush. As the army entered the Teutoburg Forest, a storm broke and a heavy rain began. This, along with poor roads and rough terrain, stretched the Roman column to between nine to twelve miles long. With the Romans struggling through the forest, the first Germanic attacks began. Conducting hit and run strikes, Arminius men picked away at the strung out enemy. Aware that the wooded terrain prevented the Romans from forming for battle, the Germanic warriors worked to gain local superiority against isolated groups of legionaries. Taking losses through the day, the Romans constructed a fortified camp for the night. Pushing forward in the morning, they continued to suffer badly before reaching open country. Seeking relief, Varus began moving towards the Roman base at Halstern which was 60 miles to the southwest. This required re-entering wooded country. Enduring the heavy rain and continued attacks, the Romans pushed on through the night in an effort to escape. The next day, the Romans were faced with a trap prepared by the tribes near Kalkriese Hill. Here the road was constricted by a large bog to the north and the wooded hill to the south. In preparation for meeting the Romans, the Germanic tribesmen had built ditches and walls blocking the road. With few choices remaining, the Romans began a series of assaults against the walls. These were repulsed and in the course of the fighting Numonius Vala fled with the Roman cavalry. With Varus men reeling, the Germanic tribes swarmed over the walls and attacked. Slamming into the mass of Roman soldiers, the Germanic tribesmen overwhelmed the enemy and began a mass slaughter. With his army disintegrating, Varus committed suicide rather than be captured. His example was followed by many of his higher ranking officers. Aftermath of the Battle of Teutoburg Forest While exact numbers are not known, it is estimated that between 15,000-20,000 Roman soldiers were killed in the fighting with additional Romans take prisoner or enslaved. Germanic losses are not known with any certainty. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest saw the complete destruction of three Roman legions and badly angered Emperor Augustus. Stunned by the defeat, Rome began preparing for new campaigns into Germania which began in 14 AD. These ultimately recaptured the standards of the three legions defeated in the forest. Despite these victories, the battle effectively halted Roman expansion at the Rhine.

Impact Of Global Warming On Our Local And National Media...

In order to enact reform in governmental ecology policy, and to prevent the lush effects of Global Warming, our local and national media broadcasters should advertise and educate the American public on the true definition of Global Warming. Because, many major topics like; ecological policy, capitalism, and oil spills are one in the same. During the Op-Ed article The Other Pipeline You Should Worry About, author Dan Kaufman explains that a 2006 environmental assessment done by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency addressed concerns over the safety of Line 61’s expansion—an oil pipeline that currently moves 400,000 barrels of tar sands and lighter conventional crude oil a day from Superior, Wis. Moreover, the type of crude oil being carried down Line 61 is some of the most harmful to the environment, and the company Enbridge wishes to increase the movement of Line 61 to 1.2 million barrels per day. 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The Story of Macbeth Free Essays

In the story of Macbeth, there is a lot of ups and downs that go along. How everyone takes the events that are going on will determine who are the strong ones and who are the weak ones. At one point all of the characters will have a flaw which will cause them to act a certain way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many events that go on shocked, excited, and worried most. Every action will lead to a deeper event. Although everyone seems to have their head together at the beginning, there is alot of flaws that these characters are not showing right away. Most of these characters will leave and reader at a sharp turning point. These situations that the characters are always falling into are because of the characters poor decisions that leave the character where he/she cannot change or controls certains situations. Macbeth’s mind set and actions will show how he really feels about certain situations and help a reader understand why Macbeth’s actions are the way they are. Not just Macbeth’s actions, its Lady Macbeth’s actions too. No one knows which way to turn to when events start to drop out of nowhere. In the story of Macbeth, you can see that the troubled main character, Macbeth is in situations that you can see his flaws clearly, making this story a tragedy. To start off in at 1 of The Tragedy of Macbeth, the setting is in Scotland. Lady Macbeth comes across the three witches, the Weird Sisters, she had made the witches mad so the witches knew to go after her husband. So that is exactly what they did. The witches said they will meet Macbeth â€Å"when the battle’s los and won† and when â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair†. The witches will tell the characters one thing and will think in their head another meaning to what they just said, so the characters will be confused and do or say the wrong things that will cause a huge situations that can be a life of death situation. For example, when the witches told Macbeth that he will be king, also when they told him a human cannot harm him till the trees move. Another thing that the witches did was curse Lady macbeth when she would not give the witches some of her crackers. How to cite The Story of Macbeth, Papers

Competition and People free essay sample

In all of the years of sports there have been many positive and negatives aspects of sports and competition. For all of the evidence shown there have been a lot more positive aspects than negative. In many ways sports have shaped the way that many people live. Some families live and breathe competition. For some people thats their main relationship between parents and kids. Competition is when people go at each other in sports to see who will come out on top. Competition is only healthy for people to participate in. It can give people confidence and learn how to be better overall people. Competition plays a very big role in American society by bringing families and people together. Sports and competition has shaped American society to help bring us together every year. For example the superbowl is one of the most watched events in the world. People who don’t like football still watch the superbowl. We will write a custom essay sample on Competition and People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The super bowl brings people together because people have competitions and rivalries within the game. In the â€Å"In My Tribe† article Terry McDonell says â€Å" I believe our hard, beautiful games shaped us for the better. † What McDonell is saying is that sports and competition have shaped America to the point where in a lot of families it’s what brings them together. However in the Case Against Competition Alfie Kohn says â€Å" One person can succeed only if the other fails. † Alfie Kohn makes a very valid argument however in the end can’t competition just be for fun too even if one does fail, its called good sportsmanship. People should be happy that they get the chance to compete against others because there are a lot of kids who don’t get the chance like for the kids whose parents want their kids to only focus on education. Or the kids that live in areas where they can’t afford to fund a sports team. If there is no sportsmanship well then yes there will be some hurt feelings or crushed dreams even, but thats why you need to look at competition as always a lucky chance because not everyone gets the chance to compete. You need to grow up with competition because you will be prepared for competition later in life like in the working world. Competition helps people in the working world because they grew up knowing that in order to be successful people need to know how to compete you would have a higher chance of making a big mistake in the working world. McDonell is right competition does shape us for the better. Without rivalries sports just wouldn’t be what they are today. A rivalry means that two hated teams with a bit of history compete against each other to see who ends up winning and get bragging rights. I have been apart of many rivalries in my life. Rivalries can shape families relationships because on a day of a rivalry game it is something big to talk about maybe your family is half one team and half the other. These games can stir up competition themselves. Many families will place bets like money on who will win or make the loser do something for them. Rivalries are without a doubt one of the greatest parts of competition. In sports there can be very memorable moments that can shape sports today. Some people compete hard because they want to be like their favorite athlete. There is many memorable performances to think about like when Michael Jordan was sick in the playoffs but played through and won the game. Or when Rajon Rondo dislocated his elbow but played through the pain and led his team to a victory. These are the types of performances that shape our sports today and why our professional, college, and high school athletes compete hard every time they step on the field or the court to strive to be there best and make the opposing team remember him or her. Sports can have a very high reward if you play in professional. It is very good money. If you play professional sports you are pretty much set for life and another plus is that it is a very early retirement. So there really isn’t a good reason not to have competition. Competition keeps people healthy. It is not only fun but it will keep you in shape it is good for young kids to do because they dont know how else to work out its not like they can lift weights. All of this information relates back to Jordan and Rando because they are professionals, they do make a lot of money, they did work hard to be where they are today. They create memorable moments that can shape our society because athletes could be looking up to those performances and want to end up like them. In sports and competition from the reading sports and competition is more than just a sport to see who wins. It can be a long tradition almost like a tradition for some families that start when people are very young. Sports are full of memorable moments that people cherish and remember. keeping all of those factors in mind overall sports and competition helps shape American society for the better. Annotated Bibliography Kohn, Alfie. The Case Against Competition. Working Mother. N. p. , Sept. 1987. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. â€Å"The Case Against Competition† by Alfie Kohn is about Kohn trying to convince mother’s that competition is bad on kids and doesn’t help them succeed in life. Kohn talks about how competition makes kid less creative and not as polite or empathic for people or certain things. Kohn also talks about how limiting competition in our society will make it a better place for people to live in. Also that by limiting competition we will learn to work with everyone and not be out to get anyone and try and outdo someone else. McDonell, Terry. In My Tribe. Sports Illustrated. N. p. , 28 Nov. 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. In My Tribe† by Terry McDonell is about the stories we take away from watching sporting events and by listening to other people talk about the stories that have made memories for them. Also that by having a common story with someone will bring you closer to that person even if you have nothing else to talk about with them, you can always have sports to fall back on. He also talks about how marketing has changed and so has the media. That sports media and marketing has changed sports for the worse but that common people like us only care about the moments and the memories we take away from them.

The Hair Cutting Shear free essay sample

Every two weeks, my father asks me to cut his hair. The first time, I grumbled that it doesn’t cost much money to go to the hair salon. He said, â€Å"Think how much money you can save each year. With this money I can buy more necessary stuff for you. Besides that, you can learn more skills.† My father is not stingy nor miserly, but he’s an economical person. I’ve learned from him that we shouldn’t waste money on unneeded things. As the time passed, cutting my father hair became a habit of my life. I enjoy doing this after realizing that I can have more private time with him. Since coming to the U.S., my parents have spent less time with me. They arent involved with my homework, but instead push themselves in working. So in those haircutting moments, my father and I truly get more connected. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hair Cutting Shear or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even so, the monotonous humming sound of the hair cutting shear sometimes put my father into sleep. I still remember every time he took me to job interviews because of his limited English and how many times he failed on them. He was usually quiet at those moments. His disappointment made me mad. I blamed the narrow mind of the interviewer. I blamed my fathers poor English. And I blame myself, for my helplessness. I had looked up many jobs opportunities online, wrote an attractive resume, and even learned interviewing tips. My father finally has a job which does not require an interview: a regular labor in a small seafood company. The sense of the seafood sticks on his coat mingles with the sweat after an exhausted working day exhale to my nose every night he gets home, which sometimes my innocent little sister utters to him that she can’t stand it. However, that motivates me to study harder, so one day I will let him enjoy his life instead of working so hard. My fathers hair is turning gray. The haircutting shear moves steadily, revealing some wrinkles on his forehead. I’ve learned that time never goes backward and people have to move forward. Time drifts all those childhood memories away, leading me to head up to the future. Most people have goals to reach and know what they really want to do after high school. But my ambition is vague, such as a road smothered in dust that I can’t figure the right way to go. I don’t yet know what I want to do for a career, or even what I’d like to major in, but I do know that I enjoy studying and engaging to a new community where I can learn to be more responsible and independent. I want to feel the air of the outside world and who I really am. Furthermore, my curiosity about new things drives me to learn. Knowledge is infinite as a book that doesn’t have the last page and education is the only way to expand my knowledge. Therefore, college is the road that I chose. I believe some new experiences will help me to grow up as a mature daughter whom my parents would be proud of. My future is in my hand.

Review of lterature essays

Review of lterature essays Dostoevsky introduces Part I of Notes from Underground. He tell us that in this first portion, the protagonist will introduce himself and explain the causes that led to his appearance before us in this text. He then explains that the subseque nt extract, "Apropos of the Wet Snow," will record the protagonist's own notes. The Underground Man starts off by telling us that he has liver disease, but refuses to go to a doctor out of spite. He realizes that he hurts only himself by doing this, but even so he remains obstinately opposed to seeking proper medical attention. He tells us that he is now forty years old, a former civil servant, rude and bitter. He then immediately retracts his statement, saying he was actually not rude at all. He scoffs at "us," the readers of his Notes, insisting that he does not care what w e think of him. The Underground Man goes on to explain why he became spiteful, saying that only fools go far in this world, and intelligent men like himself face failure inevitably. After assuring us that he is not writing for our amusement, he describes his current mis erable situation. He lives in his "corner," where he has bunkered down since quitting the Civil Service upon receiving a large inheritance from a wealthy relative. He has a gruesome dim room with a maidservant he despises. The St. Petersburg weather ag gravates his health, but he does not careit makes no difference to him whether he stays or goes. Finally, he invites himself to tell us more about himself, as any decent gentlemen likes to do. The Underground Man's spiteful refusal to see a doctor resounds throughout the text. The terms nihilistic and masochistic have often been applied to the Underground Man (heretofore referred to as the "UM"). Nihilism is a repudiation of societal values, and masochism is the deliberate infliction of pain on one ...

Earth and Space Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Earth and Space Science - Essay Example Instruments connected to aircrafts and space based platforms of satellite devises perform the function of remote sensing with the analysis of the electronic data recorded during the emission of such radiation for the establishment of forecast ideas. This is a process involving the transmission of radio waves of different frequency through different zones of the atmosphere, some of whom are absorbents of the radiation with the presence of atmospheric gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and ozone (Remote sensing, n.d.). Therefore the areas of electromagnetic spectrum where these gases are present are known as absorption bands. Absorption bands are represented by a low transmission value associated with specific ranges of wavelengths. On the other hand, the electromagnetic spectrum of the atmosphere with little or no absorption of the radiation due to the absence of atmospheric gases is called atmospheric windows. They are transparent to radiation and allow the transmission of spe cific wavelengths to the earth’s surface. The instrumentation of new devices is of great effect with the aviation and weather forecasting as they collect data from the reflections of sunlight from a line-of-sight with an object as well as record the frequency modulations on the basis of presence of carbon dioxide and other gases. ... The essential purpose of this classification is meant for the optimum use of all the brightness levels available in the data. The photo integrated wavelength data are classified into two categories; supervised classification and unsupervised classification. The former is used for extracting quantitative information from remotely sensed photo data in order to separately allocate the available data into different known pixels to produce agent parameters for separate classes of interest. Most scientists use the MLC (maximum likelihood classification) classification with advantage of the mean vectors and multivariate spreads of each class. The effectiveness of supervised classification under MLC depends largely on the reasonable levels of accurate estimation of the mean vector m and the covariance matrix for arriving at each spectral data. The problem posed by this classification tool is that the accuracy of the estimation depletes when the classes are of a multimodal distribution (Liu, n.d.). The other classification model is the unsupervised classification. The basic feature of this classification is its independence to human interface by using some clustering algorithm to classify the image data. This classification model is essential for the identification of the number and location of the unimodal spectral classes on the basis of the image data. MMC or migrated means clustering classifier is the tools used in this model for labeling each pixel to unknown cluster centers with intend to move the pixel form one cluster center to another for accurate analysis of the image (ibid). 3. The radiation used for image analysis of the remote sensing function falls subject to the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and the

A Critique of a source of evidence related to an aspect of practice Essay

A Critique of a source of evidence related to an aspect of practice - Essay Example isease which have yielded greater life expectancy, the situation has become more complicated due to the dearth of time and over reliance on technology for healthcare delivery. In the process, the humane angle is sometimes neglected which can have serious consequences on patient compliance as well as the quality of life post treatment. The situation in case of older people is worse. With growing number of their population in society and the fact that most of the older people are either single or have nobody to care for them, it becomes imperative to address the issues pertaining to their dignity in the hospital environment as well as in the social setting. The idea of evidence based clinical diagnosis and practice has emerged and achieved a prominent place in the last few decades to address many of the problems encountered in the hospital setting (Knottnerus & Buntinx, 2009). Past experiences, clinical trials and the surmounting medical literature has churned out stupendous amount of knowledge about diagnosis and the most appropriate treatment modalities for various diseases which are impossible to store within the confines of the human brain. However, the recent advances in information and communication technology have placed a means to access the most pertinent information in a matter of minutes, if not seconds. Making a decision about the most appropriate diagnostic procedure and treatment modality to be adopted should therefore be backed by thorough research and investigation providing a strong basis for the approach to be used in the peculiar situations confronting one in a clinical setting. This allows for the right decision to be taken at the right moment with full justification and forms the basis for evidence based practice. Health care organizations all over the world are making endeavours to facilitate information transfer from literature to practice in order to ensure evidence based practice (Pipe et al, 2005). The issues of handling patients and

The Effects of the Rise of Regional Languages and Solution Essay

The Effects of the Rise of Regional Languages and Solution - Essay Example For instance, the worldwide use of English in business, political and diplomatic transactions has seen its gradual rise to an international status and thereby guaranteed its existence and survival in the coming years; it is projected that by the year 2050, over a half of the world’s population will be adept in it. Unlike the English language and other regional languages, native languages are limited to and within particular societies, with limited usage among small groups of people in those societies. The imminent threat of extinction of native languages has caused many adverse effects to societies and the speakers of these languages all over the world. As the basis of civilization, native languages are the cornerstones of cultures; they have a massive impact on civilization in societies. For example, ancient Muslim scholars developed some of the ancient Greek science after translating the knowledge written in Greek into the Arabica. As a result, the translated knowledge helped other civilizations to develop and spread the knowledge; therefore, language provides the road map for cultures, tracing the origins of people and guiding them into the future. However, some languages have died; some are about to die, or will die due to social, economic, political and technological reasons. Inferences can thus be drawn that, the death of a language  equals to  the death of civilization because language is the first stage of civilization (Grimes, 2002). It is undeniably true that not a single language in the world is autonomously sufficient in itself to capture and adequately express all ideas and information effectively and efficiently; this brings us to the importance of having many languages  in the world (Ostler, 2000), which is because of the existence of native languages. These native languages have amassed volumes of information and knowledge about all the subjects in the world; for instance, every native language has developed its

Heart, Cardiac Cycle and the Circulatory System

Heart, Cardiac Cycle and the Circulatory System (i)  Explain the function of heart, and the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart (left side) receives blood filled with oxygen (O2) which comes from the lungs. From there the blood is pumped throughout the body via the aorta and into blood vessels. On the right side is where the heart gets its deoxygenated blood (CO2) which in turn is then sent to the lungs for cleansing. (ivyroses.com 2016) Arteries are made up of 3 layers. The tunica interna is the inner layer. This layer is encased in connective tissue and elastic fibers. After that the next layer up is the tunica media. This thick layer consists mainly of smooth muscle. This layer supports the vessel itself and aids blood flow regulation. The outside layer is called the tunica externa. This layer is made up of connective tissue and elastic fibers. It has the ability to change and become looser connective tissue around the outside of the vessel. (training.seer.cancer.gov ND) Veins carry blood back to the heart. This blood is filled with CO2. The blood is then sent to the lungs for purification and then back to the heart to be sent around the body. The only veins which carry oxygen are the umbilical and pulmonary veins. Veins are like straws, they are small in structure. They have a dense outer layer which consists of connective tissue. Underneath that is the middle layer which is made up of smooth muscle and finally the middle layer which is made up of endothelial cells. (reference.com ND) Capillaries are tiny blood vessels inside the bodily tissues that carry blood from the arteries to the veins. They are more common in tissues like muscle tissues than in connective tissues. (biology.about.com ND) Arteries divide into arterioles. These arterioles branch off into the muscle where they reach the capillaries. A capillary bed is then formed. This is a network of capillaries which then carry blood to the veins. Capillaries also move gases in and out of themselves. These gases include oxygen and carbon dioxide. (teachpe.com ND) Like the lungs, capillaries are responsible for the process of diffusion. Oxygen separates from haemoglobin (found in red blood cells) and passes through the walls of the capillaries into muscle cells where it associates itself with the Myoglobin. This is the muscle cells version of haemogloblin. The oxygen is then used in aerobic metabolism to supply the muscle with energy. (teachpe.com ND) Cross section of an artery.   Ã‚    ©Google Images Cross section of a vein.  ©Google Images Cross section of a capillary.  ©Google Images (ii)  Explain the cardiac cycle and the flow of the blood through the main blood vessels by using the diagram. Blood is pumped around the body in stages, namely the diastole stage and the systole stage. In the diastole stage the atria and ventricles are relaxed and allow blood to enter via the vena cava in to the upper right chamber (right atrium). The deoxygenated blood is passed through a valve which prevents the blood from running backwards, into the lower chamber (right ventricle). After this, the blood is then pumped under extreme pressure from the right ventricle into the lungs by the pulmonary artery. (quora.com 2017) In the second stage oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. It then passes through a valve which closes over after the blood has passed through, preventing the said blood from running back into the atrium. Blood flows down into the left ventricle. It then goes to the aorta (main artery in the body) where it is pumped under immense pressure. Blood is pumped under high pressure to ensure it is sent to the rest of the body as it should do. (biology.about.com 2017) (livescience.com 2017)  ©Google Images Arteries Veins Capillaries Contain narrow lumens Contain wider lumens Have one layer of cells. Here diffusion takes place. They are the smallest of all the blood vessels. Blood is under high pressure Blood is under low pressure Takes blood from the heart Takes blood to the heart Take blood form the body and exchange nutrients, O2 and waste with tissues. Have more muscle/elastic tissue Have less elastic tissue They are oozy vessels that serve as links between arterial and venous systems Carries O2 rich blood (except for the pulmonary artery) Carries CO2 rich blood (except for the pulmonary vein) Has no valves (except for the semi-lunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery Has valves in main veins to stop waste materials returning to the tissues (iii)  Explain the term blood pressure and describe the role it plays in circulatory system. Describe the condition high and low pressure. When the heart pumps blood around the body the blood pushes against the wall of the blood vessels. The rate at which it pushes against the walls is called blood pressure. If blood pressure is high your arteries are put under immense pressure to deliver blood around the body. This may result in the person suffering a heart attack or a stroke. Symptoms of high blood pressure include tiredness, irregular heartbeat and difficulty breathing. Low blood pressure if left untreated can be life threatening. A reading which is less than 90/60 is deemed to be low blood pressure. Although the causes are unclear, it is thought that dehydration and serious medical disorders are among the causes of low blood pressure. (mayoclinic.org ND) What the numbers mean: A blood pressure reading is made up of two numbers, written as one over the other e.g. 80/120. The number at the top is known as the systolic blood pressure. This is the highest level that a persons blood pressure will reach when the heart beats. The bottom number is called the diastolic blood pressure. This is the lowest level that a persons blood pressure will reach when the heart relaxes between every single beat. (bloodpressureuk.org 2008)  ©Google Images Section B Identify the main muscles groups within the body and interconnections between the muscular and skeletal system. (ii) Differentiate between the three types of muscles, Smooth, Skeletal, and Cardiac. Smooth Skeletal Cardiac Maintains flow of fluid in hollow structures Attached to the bone Only found in the heart Found in structures such as veins and arteries Relaxes and contracts Involuntary contraction Contract slowly Striated Features are endurance and consistency Arranged in bundles of muscle fibres. Contracts voluntarily Striated Have only one nucleus Soft and fragile Makes up the atria and ventricles Not banded Every fibre has lots of nuclei and is surrounded by a cover. Relaxes to fill the heart with blood Muscles work automatically Made up of cylindrical cells that made up fibres Never tires (Healdove.com 2016) (Class notes 2016 S. Curran) (training.seer.cancer.gov 2016)  ©Google Images (iii) Describe how the Skeletal and the Muscular System connect together to create the body movement. Movement in the body happens when the skeletal and muscular systems work simultaneously. The skeleton gives us shape and without it we would just be one big blob of skin. The main function of these two systems is bodily movement. (Class Notes.S Curran.2016) As well as joints, bones and muscles work hand in hand to form levers e.g. in the arm and the knee. (livestrong.com 2015) Tendons attach muscles to bones. This is allows bones and muscles to form such levers. (prezi.com 2010) Bones have the ability to hoard fat in their cavities which in turn can help store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Calcium is a vital mineral because without it blood would be unable to clot and a lack of calcium would hinder bodily movement. (prezi.com 2010) Phosphorus enables the body to make protein which is necessary for growth and repairing damaged cells. (medlineplus.gov 2015) Section C Outline the composition of bone the structure of the long bone and explain the function of the skeleton Identify and describe the composition of the bone, joint types and the function of the skeleton. Outline the composition of bone the structure of the long bone and explain the function of the skeleton. The bone is made up of 3 layers periosteum, compact bone and spongey bone. Periosteum is a double layered tissue that covers the compact bone. It cannot be seen by unaided vision. Its an important layer because it holds cells called osteoblasts. These osteoblasts form new bones. The double layer also means that ligaments and tendons can anchor the bone. (healthbase.wordpress.com 2016) Compact bone accounts for 80% of the human skeleton. It forms around the spongey (cancellous) bone. The long bones of the body e.g. arm, leg etc. are primarily made up of compact bone. (britannica.com 2016) Cancellous bone is the spongey bone which is located at the end of each of the long bones and in the vertebrae of the spine. The cancellous bone contains pores as well as red bone marrow which is used to make red blood cells and stem cells which are then used to repair the bone if it gets damaged or broken. The spongey bone is much easier to fracture than the long bone because of its soft composition.  ©Google Images Functions of the skeleton: Protection the skeleton acts as a protector for major organs such as the heart and lungs which are protected by the rib cage and the breast bone. Storage bones store minerals such as calcium. If you consume too much of a particular mineral e.g. calcium, it can build up on the bone. Whenever the supply is low then the body makes up for it by drawing the excess minerals from the bone to build up the supply in the blood system. Movement bones along with muscles work together to make the body move. Form blood cells bone marrow makes red blood cells. On average 2.6 million cells are created per second. (Class notes unit 3 2016) Different types of joints and their functions. There are 3 types of joints: Synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous. Synovial joints are divided up in to 6 categories: Gliding joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, hinge joints, ball and socket joints and pivot joints. Gliding joints allow for smooth rotation in different directions along a smooth surface. An example of this type of joint is the carpal joint which is located in the wrist. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Saddle joints are so called because they fit like a rider on a saddle. They are able to bend in several different directions without ever actually sliding. A prime example of a saddle joint is the joint at the base of the thumb. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Ball and socket joint This type of joint is usually found for example in the shoulder. As the name states a ball and socket joint is given that name because it is where one end of a long bone (ball) meets a socket. Ball and socket joints facilitate movement in several directions. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Condyloid Joints Unlike gliding joints condyloid joints have not got a smooth surface. Bones rotate past each other. Condyloid joints can be found in the wrist. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Pivot Joint This type of joint moves but there is no gliding movement. It facilitates turning moves without any bending sideways as such. An example of a synovial joint is between the first and second vertebrae of the spine. It allows limited movement while keeping the head in place. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Hinge Joints These are formed between 2 bones. A hinge joint allows us to extend (elbow, knee etc.) freely, bones do not slide past each other. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Fibrous Joints: These are generally immovable joints. There are 3 types of fibrous joints sutures, gomphoses and a syndesmosis. Sutures are the joints which connect bones in the skull Gomphoses are located between the jaw bone and the teeth. A syndesmosis joint is where a ligament connects two bones for example in the leg the tibia and the fibula. It allows for a very slight movement.  ©Google Images Label the main bone of appendicular axial skeletal. (see attached diagram) The main function of the skin, its structure and relationship between the skin, and circulatory and nervous system The Skin is one of the largest organs of the body. It is made up of three layers: The Epidermis, Dermis and the subcutaneous fatty tissue. As it has no blood vessels, the epidermis is dependent on the dermis to feed it nutrients and for disposing of excess waste. Epidermis  ©Google Images Keratinocytes is the name given to the wall of the epidermis. It produces keratin, a protein that protects the epithelial cells. The epidermis regenerates in orderly fashion by cell division of keratinocytes in the basal layer, with maturing daughter cells becoming increasingly keratinised as they move to the skin surface. (Dermnetz.org 2016) Keratinocytes are regenerated monthly. There are a number of cells within the epidermis: Merkel cells Merkel cells are cells found in the basal layer of the epidermis. (Dermnetnz.org 2016) These cells allow us to feel sensations such as pain, coolness, heat, numbness and to feel objects. These tiny cells can only be identified by using electron microscopy. They are most commonly found in the soles of the feet and the palm of the hand. Dermis  ©Google Images This is the second layer of the skin and is the biggest part of the cross-section of the skin. In the dermis there are many things such as nerve endings, sweat glands and blood capillaries. The Dermis is sub-divided into 2 sections namely: Papillary Dermis and the Reticular Dermis. Collagen, Elastic Tissue and Reticular fibres are present throughout the Dermis. Subcutaneous layer (c)Google Images The subcutaneous layer is an important line of defence, protecting the fragile organs and bones from outside forces, such as pathogens.(reference.com 2016) The Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer acts as a protector for organs and the skeleton against the elements. Like the other two layers, its thickness depends on where it is in the body. For example the subcutaneous layer on the eyelids would be thinner than on the skin around the soles of the feet. Its main function is to act as a temperature regulator. Functions of the skin: Protection: Melanin in the skin protects the body from harmful UV rays produced by the sun. Skin has the ability to protect organs and bones from exposure to the environment. It also can protect the body from bacterial infections. Temperature Regulation: When environmental temperatures are high, the skin releases sweat as a means of cooling the body down. If youre cold, blood vessels in your skin fill up with blood to generate heat. Immunity Some skin cells work with the immune system to fight against bacteria and viruses. Some bacteria live on the skin, this is normal as it is good bacteria. However if it gets in under the skin, it can cause infection such as cellulitis. Growth and Movement The skins elasticity allows the body to grow as we get older. Without it we would not be able to move freely, if at all. Excretion Skin helps to get rid of waste such as urea, sweat and carbon dioxide. Endocrine: when exposed to a small amount of UV rays, the skin produces Vitamin D. a chemical in the skin called 7-dehydrocholesterol reacts with the UV rays. Over exposure to UV can have dire consequences such as skin cancer, so exposure to the sun must be kept in moderation. Absorption: Skin absorbs oxygen and nitrogen. Some animals have no need for lungs because they can actually breathe through their skin. Water Resistance: Skin is covered by oils and nutrients which form a protective layer against water. (newhealthguide.org ND) The relationship between the skin, circulatory system and the nervous system.   Ã‚   All bodily functions are regulated by the brain via the nervous system. The brain sends messages to the rest of the body through nerves. Without it the circulatory system could not function. Cardiac functioning and transportation of fluid in the body is started by messages coming from the brain. The circulatory system is made up of arteries, veins, capillaries and other passages which are central to its functioning. The nervous system is made up of the spinal cord, brain and nerves. It controls what the body does. Signals are sent to and from the brain via the nerves to create proper functioning. A prime example of how these systems work together is in blood pressure and regulation of the heart rate. The vagus nerve regulates the pumping of the heart. Blood is pumped through the passages around the body and into the organs. Baroreceptors give the brain information about blood pressure. The brain can then make adjustments to how the heart pumps. It is because of this process that bloo d pressure is kept at a normal level. The nervous system has the power of bodily functions but it needs the circulatory system to relay the messages so that such adjustments can be made accordingly. (wisegeekhealth.com ND) The integumentary system (skin) works with the circulatory system. The skin contains networks of capillaries. This means that substances can enter the bloodstream though the skin and this is the reason why some medicines such as female contraception can be delivered in patch format. Neurons are contained within the skin to sense the environment. These neurons send signals to the nervous system such as touch and it begins action based on these signs. For example if you burn your finger, nerve cells send signals up your arm to the spinal cord and brain. Nerve cells in the brain interpret these messages as pain. Skin aids temperature regulation by way of changing blood supply patterns and by sweating which helps to cool the body down. (sciencenetlinks.com ND)  ©Google Images (iii) Using the table format give six examples of viral, bacterial, fungal skin diseases.. Viral Bacterial Fungal Flu Tuberculosis Nail Fungus Shingles Cellulitis Oral Thrush Viral Pneumonia Salmonella Athletes Foot HIV/AIDS Helicobacter Pylori Impetigo Chicken Pox Staph Infection Jock Itch Herpes Scarlet Fever Vaginal Yeast Infection (Healthgrades.com 2016) (Rightdiagnosis.com 2016) (Healthonline.com 2016) (Dermnetz.org 2016) Example of a Viral Infection:  ©Google Images Example of a bacterial infection:  ©Google Images Example of a fungal infection:  ©Google Images References: (Class notes unit 3 S. Curran 2016) Biology.about.com (2016) Phases of the Cardiac Cycle [online], available: http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/cardiac_cycle.htm[Accessed 1st March 2017] Biology.about.com (2017) What Is a Capillary? [online], available: Bloodpressureuk (2008) What is blood pressure? [online], available:http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Bloodpressure [Accessed 15th March 2017] Bloodpressureuk (ND) What is blood pressure? [online], available: http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Bloodpressure [Accessed 19th January 2017] Britannica.com (2016) Compact bone [online], available: https://www.britannica.com/science/compact-bone [accessed 12th December 2016] Dermnetz.org (2016) Bacterial Skin Infections [online], available: http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/bacterial-skin-infections/ [accessed 5th December 2016] Healdove.com (2016) The Differences Between Skeletal, Smooth Cardiac Muscles [online], available:https://healdove.com/misc/The-function-of-Muscles-and-the-3-main-types [Accessed 19th December 2016] Healthbase.wordpress.com (2016) Medical Tourism Blog, Surgical Tourism Blog, Overseas Medical Travel Blog [online], available: https://healthbase.wordpress.com/2007/03/22/composition-of-a-bone/ [accessed 12th December 2016] Healthgrades.com (2016) What are viral diseases? [Online], available: https://www.healthgrades.com/conditions/viral-diseases [accessed 5th December 2016] Healthline.com (2016) Candida Fungus Skin Infection [online], available: http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/capillary.htm [Accessed 2nd March 2017] http://www.healthline.com/health/skin/candida-fungus#ReadThisNext0 [accessed 5th December 2016] Ivyroses (2016) The Functions of the Heart [online], available: http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Blood/Heart_Functions.php [Accessed 18th January 2017] Livescience (2016) Circulatory System: Facts, Function Diseases [online], available: http://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html [Accessed 1st March 2017] Livestrong (2012) 6 types of synovial joints [online], available: http://www.livestrong.com/article/74183-types-synovial-joints/ [Accessed 4th January 2017] Livestrong (2012) 6 types of synovial joints [online], available: http://www.livestrong.com/article/74183-types-synovial-joints/ [Accessed 5th January 2017] Livestrong.com (2015) How the Skeletal System Works With the Muscular [online], available: http://www.livestrong.com/article/76374-skeletal-system-works-muscular/ [Accessed 4th January 2017] Mayoclinic (ND) Low blood pressure Hypotension [online], available: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/basics/definition/con-20032298 [Accessed 19th January 2017] Medlineplus (2015) Phosphorus in diet[online], available: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002424.htm [Accessed 4th January 2017] Newhealthguide (ND) Functions of the Skin [online],

Anne Bradstreet :: essays papers

Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet’s poetry reflects Puritan thinking like sunlight softly shimmering on a quiet country pond. There is life and much activity just below the quiet surface, yet one must look below to discover its depth. As the first notable poet in American literature, it is fitting that this young woman, a product of an atypical upbringing, should use her extensive education to express thought and emotion well beyond the writings of her time. Still, her writings always reflected the natural values and religious foundation of her time period. In the poem IN REFERENCE TO HER CHILDREN she writes , â€Å" I had eight birds hatched in one nest, Four cocks there were, and hens the rest. I nursed them up with pain and care, Nor cost , nor labour did I spare, Till at the last they felt their wing, Mounted trees and learned to sing † ( 1 – 6 ). This imagery is very concrete, she need not describe the chirping of the fledglings or the rustling of the leaves as the nest sways gently on its arborous perch. Yet the reader provides this filler because she writes in a manner that is familiar to us all. Certainly it is familiar to the Puritans, who no doubt were in tune with nature. The very survival of the Puritans depended on their interaction and understanding of nature. Although, she expresses her instinctive motherly concerns in her writing , the poem ends in an expression of realistic resolve to the inevitable cycle of life. â€Å"Farewell, my birds, farewell adieu, I happy am, if well with you.† It is not only her observations that Anne Bradstreet shares with us, but she truly lets her feelings take form in her prose. This is really the first time in American literature that an author has opened the door to the room of their inner emotions. In fact, she never really thought that they would be published or even read at all by anyone else. What a loss it would have been to us all if we never had the opportunity to share Anne Bradstreet’s experiences with her. She had much to offer even though she was critical of her own writings. In the poem

Cbs Tells Sodastream to Revise Brand-Bashing Super Bowl Essay

Every year, the Super Bowl attracts some of the best and most high-priced advertising in the world. But it also lures a horde of publicity-seekers claiming their commercials have been censored or rejected by the host network. In nearly all cases, the complaining marketers never really had a shot at the Super Bowl, thanks to shoddy production values, truly objectionable content and, more often than not, the inability to pony up more than $3 million for an ad. And it’s a common occurrence for the network to ask event sponsors to tweak or edit the content for a variety of reasons (which also can yield a PR bonanza if a sponsor cries foul — just ask serial offender GoDaddy.com). But SodaStream, a mainstream advertiser that some time ago purchased a spot in the game’s fourth quarter, said this wasn’t a PR gambit. So what’s the issue? The content of its planned commercial seemed to have concerned CBS because it was a direct hit at two other Super Bowl spo nsors and heavy network TV advertisers: Coke and Pepsi SodaStream, which sells home soda-making machines, has already run afoul of authorities in the U.K. for a Bogusky-crafted spot indicating its product is more environmentally friendly than established sodas; the spot shows branded bottles and cans of soft drinks exploding into thin air. For the Super Bowl, it hoped to up the ante with a spot depicting truck drivers clad in clothing with Coca-Cola and Pepsi marks on them, according to Ilan Nacasch, SodaStream’s chief marketing officer. â€Å"We really tried to comply with the standards† set by CBS, he said. At the same time, he added, â€Å"We were taking it to a new level, and that’s the level where they apparently judged to be going too far.† Interestingly enough, Pepsi has scored big points with viewers over the years by showing Super Bowl ads with Coke deliverymen abandoning their employer wholesale for a sip of a Pepsi drink. Of course, Pepsi (and, for that matter, Coke) buys multiple ads in the Super Bowl each year, as well as spends millions of dollars on other broadcast-TV advertising. Another Super Bowl sponsor, Anheuser-Busch InBev with Pepsi this year for in-store displays and promotions. A CBS spokeswoman said network executives declined to comment. â€Å"Bummed,† Mr. Bogusky, famous for his work at CP&B still in the game with an older spot we tweaked.†

Comparison of Mexico and Brazil Essays

Comparison of Mexico and Brazil Essays Comparison of Mexico and Brazil Essay Comparison of Mexico and Brazil Essay All revolutions that exist or have taken place in this world are full of the revolution traits that were evidently pointed out throughout the book, Anatomy of Revolution written by Crane Brinton. One classification of the revolution that was mentioned in this piece of literature was, A revolution is a drastic, sudden substitution of one group in charge of a territorial political entity by another group hitherto not running that government. Some revolutions may approach this definition in a varied way. Many people think that revolutions only cause trouble and dismay. All the same, have you every considered of a peaceful revolution? Those two words peaceful and revolution may seem ironic together. Nevertheless, there is a severe illustration that had occurred in the past that proves the existence of this satirical phrase and the unique way of approaching a revolution: the Brazilian Revolution. In addition, I will be comparing the similarities that were showed among the Mexican Revolution and the Brazilian Revolution.Due to the reason of proving that the peaceful revolution is still considered an act of Enlightened citizens fighting for their rights. To start out, there are three major parts to the revolution, according to the reading that was in Anatomy of Revolution: cause, sequences, and the consequences. The cause of the revolution mostly states the basic ideas on why and how the revolution sparked. In this case, Brazilian Revolution, the Portuguese all of a sudden appear out of the blue to the sacred land of Brazil.They were on their way from fleeing their country due to the attack of Napoleon. These unexpected people arrived at the land of Brazil and unbelievingly they start ruling over the natives. Of course the Brazilians were baffled by this action. The Portuguese start taking away the Brazilians’ privileges and rights. To illustrate, the Portuguese banned the Brazilians from trading with foreigners, growing crops or manufacturing goods that have the potential to compete with Spain. In yet another example, if we compare this event to the Mexican Revolution, even during the Mexican evolution, the Spaniards, who came to the land of Mexico without warning started governing over the Mexicans. They used Mexicans as slaves and they received meager treatment and had to face the harsh reality. They gathered an unreliable amount of taxes from the natives, which, in the end, angered the lower statues and caused the revolt to take place. Even better, during the courses of the revolutions, both the Mexican and the Brazilian Revolutions created a contract of a constitution that had all the requirements of the radicals documented on it.At first, the rulers or the statue who was in absolute power, refused to sign or agree to the constitution. This lead to more riots and conflicts. Some revolutions, such as the Mexican revolution, created bloody wars and fights in order to gain the approval of their constitution. In other cases, such as the Brazilian Revolution, they cause no destruction on people’s lives and they did not carry out bloody wars- they decided to solve problems peacefully. After revolting a little more, the head of the conservatives decides to sign and be part of the contract, which leads towards the end of the revolution and this is the stage in which the radicals’ desires are fulfilled. In yet another example, the Mexican Revolution created the Inquala plan: which contained the three conditions: One, Mexico would become an independent monarchy governed by transplanted king Ferdinand. Two, Creolles and Pennensulars would have equal human rights and civil liberties. Three, the Roman Catholic Churches could keep their privileges. More precisely, the Brazilian Revolution created a petition that eight-thousand Brazilians signed, that asked King John to let his son, Dom Pedro, to rule this country. Eventually, Pedro gave the independence to the Brazilian, and he led the constitutional monarchy in Brazil. Further more, in the end, or in the consequence, it seems that the rebels achieved what they were enthusiastic to posses. In much the same manner, both revolutions, the Mexican and the Brazilian Revolution, had a positive conclusion.Or in other words, they both gained freedom and independence, along with the equal rights and privileges they couldn’t enjoy and taste before. Taking these two revolutions as an example, you can realize that even a peaceful revolution can have the same results as the violent revolution- the Mexican Revolution. Even though the two revolutions went through very similar, but very unique paths, their results were identical, which is all that matters in the end and the only thing that is taken credit for- the fact that the humans are walking towards a more independent and enlightened thinking process.

Biotechnology essays

Biotechnology essays Biotechnology can be used to help humans. As essayist Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart write biotechnology can be used to cure rare diseases. Biotechnology can be used to help any form of life from plants to animals and even food. For more than three billion years, nature has been conducting uncountable numbers of genetic experiments. Biotechnology is a specific science that lets us find the most beneficial traits of any living life form. Researchers use recombinant DNA technology to look at genetic changes. Recombinant DNA lets laboratory specialist cut DNA from different species and put the molecules from it into bacteria or other types of cells. Researchers also use genetic engineering when doing their homophone experiments. Genetic engineering means to isolate, modify and insert genes back into the same organism or back into a different one. This technology originated with bacteria. Bacterial cells have a single chromosome that has all the genes they need to have to grow and reproduce. But a lot of species also have something called plasmids. Plasmids are small molecules of DNA that have genes in them. Restriction enzymes are able to recognize and cut apart a foreign DNA that can enter a cell. This can help fight off viruses because it can find bad DNA and reject it. Every living thing from the simplest to the most sophisticated has a genetic code that lets you know what kind of traits it will have. Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms, or RFLPs, give lab geneticists another way of seeing human inheritance. Not only can they track the route of physical traits or disease through a family, but they can follow the way of genetic material by tracking RFLPs through generations if they have DNA from all the family members. To find a particular gene, geneticists look for RFLPs that are always inherited with it. Genes on a chromosome have one ...

Resources management in Devon and Somerset fire and Rescue Service Case Study

Resources management in Devon and Somerset fire and Rescue Service - Case Study Example The fire and rescue industry has also not been left out in implementing resources management techniques in their operations. Devon and Somerset is one of the largest fire and rescue service in the UK which was established in the year 2007 through a merger of Somerset and Devon fire brigades. This company operates different fire and rescue subsidiaries in the region thus making resources management vital to ensure growth and survival of the company and also to ensure that the services given to their customers are of higher standards (Cameron, 2009). Resources which help Devon and Somerset fire and rescue service to perform its duties Devon and Somerset Company have different appliances which enable it to perform its core competencies of rescuing and fighting fire during fire emergencies. The company has different and diverse special appliances as well as front line gargets for putting out fire. One of its major appliances which are vital for putting out fire is the water tender ladder. The company’s water tender ladder has the capability of pumping about 3,000 litres of water per minute for two locations and it has a storage capacity of more than 1,800 litres. This pump also has various types of ladders which are up to 13.5 metres. The cab also contains four sets of air breathing apparatus which are compressed. Each of the pumps also contain outside lockers located at the outside part. Inside the pumps, there are a number of powdered rescue equipment usually hydraulic and also a thermal imaging camera, pressure fans, equipment for safety heights and water rescue equipment. Water tender ladder has call sig ns one and three (Trotman Publishing, 2001). Another appliance is the water tender which is almost similar to the above mentioned water tender ladders. The difference is that these two appliances carry different set of equipment with its ladders going up to 10.5 metres. This equipment is not as effective as the water tender ladder and it is usually used for reinforcement purposes. Incident command vehicles are other equipment or apparatus used by Devon and Somerset Company during fire and rescue missions. They carry out the roles of controlling the site and contacting the control rooms of different stations. Large incidents prompt activation of control units to ensure the mobilisation of more appliances. The incident control vehicles controls communications regarding the progress of the incidence and they carry call sign C. Other appliances include the prime movers (also known as the environmental and incident support units). These vehicles provide logistical support in cases of big incidents and also carry any additional equipment which may be necessary. Equipment carried by these vehicles usually are very specialised and they are used to control the spillage of chemicals thus protecting the environment. Water foam carriers are also used by this company which are used for transporting additional water especially in rural areas. Rescue vehicles, fire

Discuss 3 beliefs of hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discuss 3 beliefs of hinduism - Essay Example The Hindus believe in one supreme power. The supreme power is called Brahman and it inspires life. Hindu deity is not limited to Brahman only. Many gods and goddesses exist in Hinduism and are responsible for different aspects of Brahman. An important element with Hindu deity is that there is a trinity. Brahman, Vishnu, and Shiva are godheads that make up the trinity. Dvaita provides that the Supreme Being have a nature of soul and matter. Samsara is the Hinduism belief in the continuous cycle of life. Hindus believe that life repeats itself in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. According to this belief, the soul (atman) goes through many lives across different species. The ultimate end of this continuous life cycle is moksha, a state of freedom and salvation united with God. Finally, in Hinduism, an individual’s destiny depends on their karma, the law of causality that stipulates that actions draw proportional

The smoking bans on university and college campuses Research Paper

The smoking bans on university and college campuses - Research Paper Example While these smoking bans are beneficial to smokers, the bans are primarily being undergone to protect the rights and ensure the health of those exposed to secondhand smoke. Many smokers fight for their rights to smoke in public with the argument that â€Å"smokers and nonsmokers alike have to learn to share their space† (Smith, 2012). However, this stance is riddled with holes, the largest being that, by being forced to share space, people who choose not to smoke are still being subjected to the toxins that smokers insist on. Nonsmokers are not given the opportunity to be in public smoke-free environments because the smoke does not stay in one place but wafts in all directions, leaving nonsmokers with very little choice in the way of clean air. As such, these smoking bans on university campuses, and in other public locations, seek to protect the rights, and the health, of nonsmokers (Fortin, 2007). They are being put in harm’s way when someone else decides to light up a cigarette, a choice that nonsmokers seldom have a say in. These bans will give nonsmokers the protection that their health requires. Similarly, â€Å"comprehensive smoking bans can reduce secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers† (CDC, 2007). Secondhand smoke has proven to be more dangerous than the smoke inhaled through a cigarette. This is due to the fact that filters in cigarettes remove the most deadly toxins as smokers inhale, thereby allowing them to not inhale all of the toxins. Those exposed to secondhand smoke do not get the benefit of the filters, and are left to to wade through the harsh smoke, toxins and all. These proposed and active smoking bans protect employees and students from exposure to secondhand smoke on college campuses (ANR, 2012). While smokers are inhaling dangerous toxins themselves, they are leaving behind something much deadlier for those who have made an active decision not to smoke. Essentially, nonsmokers are being punished for the choices made by smokers,

A Taste of Honey Essay Example for Free

A Taste of Honey Essay Act two, scene one is an important part of the play because Jo is near the end of her pregnancy and Helen comes back to visit her but only because Geoff had asked her too. Previously in the play Helen had married Peter and had gone to live with him, Jo got engaged to a black boy in the Navy, she became pregnant but he didnt come back after going away with the Navy. Jo didnt have a very good relationship with her mother and they had moved about a lot as Helen ran every time she couldnt pay the rent. Jo met Geoff who is a homosexual. He hasnt had sexual relations with a man but he knows he is gay because he has had liaisons with other men. Jo has left school and was going to work in a pub part-time. The play is A Taste of Honey and I am doing part of Act two scene one where Jo, Helen and Geoff are the main characters. This play is mainly set in Jo and Helens flat where the time is around the 1950s. Helen and Jo werent very well off so the flat is in a poor condition. It is dirty and there is a lot of dust. The house looks like it is uncared for because clothes are on the floor and the bed isnt made. It is a comfortless flat. If I was in the audience I would see the settee in the middle of the flat with Geoffs bedding on it, to the left of the stage would be Jos unmade bed it might have some clothes lying untidily on top of it. To the right I would see the kitchen, the sink full of dirty plates and cups, and there would be lots of things scattered about the kitchen sides. In this section of the play the characters use actions in different ways to portray their emotions and feelings. For example: at the beginning of this section Geoff says Let me kiss you this lets us know that Geoff likes Jo as more then a friend unfortunately she does not feel the same way. This is shown when she struggles as Geoff forces himself on her. Another show of Geoffs feelings towards Jo are when he asks her to marry him, Jo just dismisses the idea and tells Geoff Im not marrying anybody. When Helen arrives she tries to be motherly towards Jo but Jo doesnt really want to know as Helen hasnt really been there for her whilst she has been growing up. I dont think she understands why Helen suddenly wants to be a proper mother so Jo starts an argument by saying what blew you in as soon as Helen comes in to the room. But Helen still tries to by friendly by asking about Geoff, she also tries to change the subject at that point when Jo asks her how she came to know about her pregnancy she replies Come on, arent you going to introduce me to your boy friend? Who is he?. I think at that point Helen hadnt come to argue with Jo and had come to see if she was alright. When Jo and Helen are angry they both speak their mind and tend to shout when arguing. Jo talks in a steady voice and when speaking to Geoff she talks in a soft voice but her voice is stern when she is speaking to Helen as I feel she is resentful towards her. Helen talks to Jo as if she regrets having her and wishes shed aborted her like all the others, in this scene though Helen starts off friendly but finishes by chasing Jo around the room trying to hit her. Geoff is the calm one; he doesnt stand up for himself much but tries to protect Jo. When Geoff is told to do something he does it without complaining. This play is important to theatre history, as it was the first play ever seen about real life and the problems that came with it like poverty, racism, teenage pregnancies and homophobia. This play had them all in. At the time this play was written Britain was just recovering from shortages and rationing, the rationing ended in 1952. Housing was scarce so many people had to live in flats even if they could afford better and bomb sites were still derelict. Shelagh Delaney was the author of this play and she was 19 years old when she wrote it. It was written in 1956 and censorship from the stage was removed in 1963. A Taste of Honey is what you would call a kitchen-sink drama because it is based on real life, problems, poverty and the working class.

Analysis of German Film Run Lola Run Essay -- Movie Film Style Run Lol

Analysis of German Film "Run Lola Run" Run Lola Run, is a German film about a twenty-something woman (Lola) who has 20 minutes to find $100,000 or her love (Manni) will be killed. The search for the money is played through once with a fatal ending and one would think the movie was over but then it is shown again as if it had happened ten seconds later and changed everything. It is then played out one last time. After the first and second sequence, there is a red hued, narrative bridge. There are several purposes of those bridges that affect the movie as a whole. The film Run Lola Run can be analyzed by using the four elements of mise-en scene. Mise-en-scene refers to the aspects of film that overlap with the art of the theater. Mise-en-scene pertains to setting, lighting, costume, and acting style. For the purpose of this paper, I plan on comparing the setting, costume, lighting, and acting style in the first red hued, bridge to that of the robbery scene. Through this analysis, I plan to prove that the purpose o f the narrative bridge in the film was not only to provide a segue from the first sequence to the second, but also to show a different side of personality within the main characters. The first element of mise-en scene to be discussed is setting. In general this is a very simple comparison. In the red hued scenes, Lola and Manni are in a private place that appears to be a bedroom. The only thing shown in the scene is them lying on a bed. As far as ...

Software and Copyright Essay example -- Computers History Technology E

Software and Copyright Current copyright and patent laws are inappropriate for computer software; their imposition slows down software development and reduces competition. From the first computer as we know them, the ENIAC, computer software has become more and more important. From thousands of bytes on miles of paper to millions of bytes on a thin piece of tin foil sandwitched between two pieces of plastic, software has played an important part in the world. Computers have most likely played an important role in all our lives, from making math easier with calculators, to having money on the go with ATM machines. However, with all the help that has been given to us, we haven't done anything for software and the people who write it. Software by nature is completely defenseless, as it is more or less simply intellectual property, and not a physical thing, thus very easily copied. Copied software does not make money for its creators, and thus they charge more for whats not copied, and the whole industry inflates. There are two categories of intellectual property. The first one is composed of writing, music, and films,which are covered by copyright. Inventions and innovations are covered by patent. These two categories have covered for years many kinds of work with little or no conflict. Unfortunately, it is not that easy when dealing with such a complex matter as computer software. When something is typed on a computer, it is considered writting, as it is all written words and numbers. However, when executed by the computer, it functions like an invention, performing a specific task as instructed by the user. Thus, software falls into both categories (Del Guercio 22-24). It is generally covered today by copyright laws, for most mass market software at least. More advanced software or programming techniques, however, can be patented, as they are neither obvious nor old. This results in many problems which I will go into later. Copyrights last the lifetime of the author, plus 50 years, and can be renewed. Patents last only 17 years, but cannot be renewed. With technology advancing so quickly, it is not necessary to maintain the protection of the software for the length of the copyright, but also, it is sometimes necessary to renew them (Del Guercio 22-24), say, for a 10th sequel in a video game series or version 47.1 of Bob's Graphic Progra... ... Anne Bilodeau House Bill Would Limit Hyperlinks. http:/.www.webweek.com/96May20/nes/netcopy.html (1996). Richard Raysman et al Computer Law: Internet Copyright Developments. http://www.brmlaw.com/doclib/complaw196.html (1996). Del Guercio, Gino. "Softwars." World Monitor Oct. 1991: 22-24. Reprinted in Technology 3. Boca Raton, Florida: SIRS, Inc., 1996: Article 75. Daniel Grant. "Computer Copycats Blur Rights." Christian Science Monitor Oct. 3 1991: 12. Reprinted in Technology 3. Boca Raton, Florida: SIRS, Inc., 1996: Article 75. Daniel A Tysver BitLaw: Internet Linking http://www.bitlaw.com/internet/linking.html (1996). Daniel A Tysver BitLaw: Internet Software Patents http://www.bitlaw.com/internet/patent.html (1996). David Pressman Patent It Yourself http://www.nolo.com/pat/toc.html (1996). Niva Elkin-Koren Copyright Liability of BBS Operators http://yu1.yu.edu/csl/journals/aelj/articles/13-2/elkin.html (1995). Gleick, James. "I'll Take the Money, Thanks." New York Times 4 Aug. 1996. 16. Dukelow, Ruth. The Library Copyright Guide Chelsea, Michigan., 1992. Ross, Philip E. "Cops vs Robbers in Cyberspace." Forbes 9 Sept. 1996. 134-140. Software and Copyright Essay example -- Computers History Technology E Software and Copyright Current copyright and patent laws are inappropriate for computer software; their imposition slows down software development and reduces competition. From the first computer as we know them, the ENIAC, computer software has become more and more important. From thousands of bytes on miles of paper to millions of bytes on a thin piece of tin foil sandwitched between two pieces of plastic, software has played an important part in the world. Computers have most likely played an important role in all our lives, from making math easier with calculators, to having money on the go with ATM machines. However, with all the help that has been given to us, we haven't done anything for software and the people who write it. Software by nature is completely defenseless, as it is more or less simply intellectual property, and not a physical thing, thus very easily copied. Copied software does not make money for its creators, and thus they charge more for whats not copied, and the whole industry inflates. There are two categories of intellectual property. The first one is composed of writing, music, and films,which are covered by copyright. Inventions and innovations are covered by patent. These two categories have covered for years many kinds of work with little or no conflict. Unfortunately, it is not that easy when dealing with such a complex matter as computer software. When something is typed on a computer, it is considered writting, as it is all written words and numbers. However, when executed by the computer, it functions like an invention, performing a specific task as instructed by the user. Thus, software falls into both categories (Del Guercio 22-24). It is generally covered today by copyright laws, for most mass market software at least. More advanced software or programming techniques, however, can be patented, as they are neither obvious nor old. This results in many problems which I will go into later. Copyrights last the lifetime of the author, plus 50 years, and can be renewed. Patents last only 17 years, but cannot be renewed. With technology advancing so quickly, it is not necessary to maintain the protection of the software for the length of the copyright, but also, it is sometimes necessary to renew them (Del Guercio 22-24), say, for a 10th sequel in a video game series or version 47.1 of Bob's Graphic Progra... ... Anne Bilodeau House Bill Would Limit Hyperlinks. http:/.www.webweek.com/96May20/nes/netcopy.html (1996). Richard Raysman et al Computer Law: Internet Copyright Developments. http://www.brmlaw.com/doclib/complaw196.html (1996). Del Guercio, Gino. "Softwars." World Monitor Oct. 1991: 22-24. Reprinted in Technology 3. Boca Raton, Florida: SIRS, Inc., 1996: Article 75. Daniel Grant. "Computer Copycats Blur Rights." Christian Science Monitor Oct. 3 1991: 12. Reprinted in Technology 3. Boca Raton, Florida: SIRS, Inc., 1996: Article 75. Daniel A Tysver BitLaw: Internet Linking http://www.bitlaw.com/internet/linking.html (1996). Daniel A Tysver BitLaw: Internet Software Patents http://www.bitlaw.com/internet/patent.html (1996). David Pressman Patent It Yourself http://www.nolo.com/pat/toc.html (1996). Niva Elkin-Koren Copyright Liability of BBS Operators http://yu1.yu.edu/csl/journals/aelj/articles/13-2/elkin.html (1995). Gleick, James. "I'll Take the Money, Thanks." New York Times 4 Aug. 1996. 16. Dukelow, Ruth. The Library Copyright Guide Chelsea, Michigan., 1992. Ross, Philip E. "Cops vs Robbers in Cyberspace." Forbes 9 Sept. 1996. 134-140.

Evolution and growth of Muslim society Essay

Although Islam spread rapidly in the world as soon as it surfaced in the world, but it established its foothold in the Indo-Pak Sub-continent in the beginning of 8th Century A.D. It was during the rule of sixth Umayyad caliph, Walid bin Abdul Malak (705-715 A.D), when an overarching incidence of ship looting occurred near Debal, a sea port. The ships, carrying widows and children of deceased Arab soldiers, sent by the king of Ceylon (present day Sri-Lanka) to the Umayyad Governor, Hajjaj bin Yousef, of Baghdad were ransacked by a contingent of ferocious Hindu pirates. Hajjaj sent his emissary to the Rajput king, Raja Dahir under whose jurisdiction the pirates carried out the loot. The raja bluntly turned down the Governor’s claim said the pirates were not under his sway. Hajjaj decided to send the young Imaduddin Muhammad bin Qasim to teach the raja a lesson and release the prisoners. Muhammad bin Qasim was the ruler of Faris when he was called back by the Governor. Muhammad b in Qasim then led a glorious Muslim army and invaded Sindh in 712 A.D. During his short stay in Niran he was reinforced by four thousands Jats who were long subdued by the self-righteous king. Raja Dahir came with his 40,000 soldiers along with contingents of elephants. However, the Raja killed in the battle field and his demoralized army retreated. Muhammad bin Qasim not only released the prisoners along with the looted ships but also established Islamic society/rule in Sindh. Qasim continued to expand the Muslim society beyond Sindh. He marched up to Multan where he defeated Raja Gor Singh. During this time several changes occurred that made his expeditions slow down and finally put a halt. Hajjaj bin Yousef had been died in 714 A.D and, within months administrative changes wrought in Damascus. Walid bin Abdul Malak was replaced by his brother Suleman bin Abdul Malak (715-717 A.D). The new ruler was extravagantly luxury loving and quite incompetent for the accession to the throne. Suleman called off the best Generals from around their respective destinations and through intrigues executed them one by one. These Generals brought laudable victories to Walid. They included Qutaiba bin Muslim, the conqueror of Turkistan; Tariq bin Ziad, the conqueror of Andalus; Musa bin Nasir, the conqueror of North Africa; and Muhammad bin Qasim, the conqueror of Sindh. Muhammad bin Qasim was died languishing in the prison at the age  of just 22. He was replaced by Yazid bin Kabashi. Qasim’s rule, though short, is marked by the historians as marvelous and magnificent. He gave relieved the local population scourged by the extra judicious rule of the erstwhile rajas in general and Raja Dahir in particular. Furthermore, he espoused inter-religious harmony and brought prosperity and good governance in the areas under his domain. Italian scholar F. Gabrieli said: â€Å"Present day Pakistan, holding the values of Islam in such a high esteem, should look upon the young Arab conqueror, Muhammad bin Qasim, almost as a distant Kistes (founding father), a hero of South Asian Islam†. With the passage of time rule of Umayyads finally evaporated in 750 A.D. They were succeeded by the Abbasids. The Abbasid rulers time after time sent their governors in the Sub-continent. According to Ibn Haukal, who traveled extensively through the Arab domains around the middle of the 8th Century, particularly mentioned the affluence of the people of Sindh. Moreover, during the rule of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur (754-775 A.D), scholars from the Sindh were welcomed at the court of Baghdad. In the north Islam was making inroads from Afghanistan into the north-western region of Pakistan. Islamic missionaries were actively spreading their faith among the tribes. Due to weak Abbasid ruler, who acceded to the throne later on, lost sway over the territories of the Sub-continent at the end of 9th Century. In the 10th Century Turks invaded the Sub-continent through renowned Khyber Pass. The most important of them was Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of Sabuktagin the great General. Mahmud ruled the sub-continent from 997 A.D. He wanted to expand his rule across India and attacked seventeen times in this regard. He was a great warrior. He reduced the influence Hindushahi Kingdom being prevalent in India. He became known as an Idol Breaker after the destruction of Somnath temple. However, he died in 1030. Mahmud appointed Khusru Malik as the governor of Lahore. However, Khusru Malik was killed by the Ghoris headed by Muhammad Ghori and paced their empire around 1185. Muizz-ud-din Muhammad bin Sam, known as Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Ghuri is among the one who played a paramount role in the establishment of Muslim rule, especially in North India. He defeated the fearsome army of Prithvi Raj Chauhan in 1192 in the second battle of Tarain. He had has the credit to establish the first Muslim in Delhi. In 1206, Ghori had to travel to Lahore to crush a revolt.  On his way back to Ghazni, his caravan halted at Damik near Jehlum. He was killed while offering his evening prayers. From 1206 to 1526 A.D Delhi Sultanate rose to power. It is believed, however, that the period of Delhi Sultanate was politically turbulent but the Muslim society under the Sultanate period flourished at a great length. Sufism also made it way during this era. He is aptly called as the founder of Muslim Empire in Indo-Pak Sub-continent. Mughals, led by Zaheer-ud-Din Babar entered India in 1526 A.D and remained in power, though nominally, till 1857. The Mughal epoch is particularly known as the period of Muslim architecture, literature and gave a boost to religious reformists and saints such as Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, Shah Walliullah, Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Ganj Shakar, Nizam-ud-Din Chishty, etc. Islam left profound effects on minds of people of the Sub-continent. Islam completely changed the living standard and style of thinking of the people of the Sub-continent. The Muslim society gave a welcome fillip to the cultural, economic and, social development in the Sub-continent and boosted inter-religious harmony as well. Turks introduced Persian language which intermingled with Arabic and other local languages gave birth to several new languages including Urdu. Though the Muslim society experienced ups and downs throughout the history, yet it yielded positive effects on the minds of people at large in Indo-Pak Sub-continent.

Arrest of Papon essays

Arrest of Papon essays During the mid 1900s there was a war, World War II, also known as the Holocaust. At this time many Jews had been tortured and killed by the Nazis. A few years ago a man by the name of Maurice Papon had been trailed and arrested for being racist against Jews in France. He had tried to deport many Jews and had been caught doing so. This was something that had not been tolerated by many anymore therefore he had been jailed and now he is out. The arrest of Mr. Papon had been a major issue. His trail was a six month process and the most expensive in French History. In the end he was charged guilty and sentenced to 10 years in jail. He had been a Nazi and was caught in acting upon it. Now, five years after his arrest he is out and free. He was released due to the fact that he was too ill. Many say that he had come out with a healthy smile on his face. The only condition which Papon must follow is that he must get authorization each time he wishes to leave his house. I believe that Papon should not have been released. People like Papon had killed many Jews many years ago and should be punished for their acts. For him to be released is really unbelievable because his acts are unforgivable and the decision should have been more thought out. All in all, the Holocaust was something that many people do not wish to remember therefore when people like Papon try to do similar acts they should not be left unpunished. He should have been left in jail for his full sentence no matter how ill be claimed to be. ...

A critical analysis of the Book essays

A critical analysis of the Book essays Although she was disabled, she was as responsive as the young men were to the culture of Glen Ridge. (Lefkowitz: 9) Leslie Faber, her real name concealed for privacy, was a seventeen year old mentally challenged female who was coerced into the basement of the Scherzer house where she was promised that her dream date Paul Archer would be waiting for her. Having grown up in the town of Glen Ridge, Leslie had previous social relations with the boys who were in the basement. All of the boys were quite familiar with her mental disability that allowed her to be easily coerced and manipulated. Despite the fact that the Scherzers grandmother was upstairs, or that six of the thirteen boys left when the assault on Leslie first began, Kyle and Kevin Scherzer, Chris and Paul Archer, Bryant Grober, Peter Quigley, and Richard Corcoran continued with their rape of Leslie Faber. Directly after the attack, the boys told Leslie that she must keep the incident a secret with threats that they would no longer be her friend, she would be kicked out of school, and that her mother would be mad at her. Well be ma d at you if you talk about this, youll get kicked out of your school, well tell your mother if you break our secret (Lefkowitz: 25). The six seniors and one junior high school boy involved in the gang rape had a history of behavioral misconduct in the Glen Ridge community. Some examples of their misbehavior include: disrespectful attitudes to those in authority, sexual exposure in school, stealing money from the girls purses at the Candy Cane Ball, and the vandalism of property at a students party. However, regardless of these actions, the boys were never seriously punished. They were viewed as town heroes; they were attractive young athletes who were involved in football, wrestling, and baseball. These sports were some of the most important and prestigious insti...

The Marketing Environment Report Essay Example

The Marketing Environment Report Essay Example The Marketing Environment Report Paper The Marketing Environment Report Paper Essay Topic: 12 Angry Men This year, 2012, Apple launch their latest smart phone, the phone 5. This has the newest and most up-to-date technology that has ever been used on any of heir products with the launch of the ISO 6 software. The marketing environment will aid the launch of this product if used effectively. 2. Method Diagram 1. This represents the elements of the Macro-environment and I will use this diagram to show these elements in an effective way in relation to Apples phone 5. Geoff Primp. (2012). Intend to cover the macro-environment in terms of technology and social and demographic. I will not discuss the factors Of politics and legal or the economy as during research I found more significant evidence to suggest that technology and social and demographic changes affect Apples phone 5 rater. I will discuss the micro-environment in terms of customers, competitors and intermediaries in detail because these factors have a greater impact on Apple in comparison to suppliers and other stakeholders. Finally, will finish my analysis and interpretation by covering the internal environment in relation to the companys responsibility and the importance of employee morale as these are more relevant than finance and resources. . Analysis and Interpretation The Macro-environment The macro-environment is comprised of the external factors that a company interacts with, directly or indirectly, states Palmer, A. 2000), 51 . It relates to trends and factors that may affect the relationship an organization has with its customers, suppliers and intermediaries. Areas that consist in th e macro- environment are shown in Figure 1 I aim to discuss two of these: Technology and Social Demographic. Technology is constantly being developed and is evolving rapidly, therefore it is essential for marketers to be aware of these developments taking place and how they may affect their organization. Coinage, G. (2006). Writes that when technology is developed it can affect customer demand for a companys products or services. This shows that it is important for companies like Apple to use the most up-to-date technology, if they do not have the appropriate technology within their products; customers will not invest in them and will turn to competitors. Coinage, G. (2006). Also states that changing technology may bring forward new opportunities and threats that the company will face in relation to a products lifestyle. This suggests that Apple will have to evaluate new technology available in order to keep customer demand high and to gain competitive advantage by identifying opportunities and threats. Apple will have to ensure that their phone 5 meets he ever changing expectations of thei r consumers. Apples pod sales have gradually decreased as a result of their customers increasing demand for phones and pads instead of MPH devices. Theorizing, D. (2012). Therefore, Apple must analyses the technological changes occurring in the market and evolve to ensure that all products remain up-to-date and desirable to customers. Social and demographic changes in society will have an impact on an organization such as Apple due to the fact that they are constantly dealing with customers who are part of a changing population. Organizations must e able to deal with demographic changes such as the ageing population that we are in today. The section of the population aged 65 and over is expected to rise from 13% up to 20% over a 50 year period, states Paul Heathery. This shows that it is essential for companies to consider the older generation as they are a large segment of the market. Therefore, if companies are able to develop their products and services to suit elderly people, they will find themselves in a much better position in the market. Apple has been able to cater for this segment as they have the App Store which allows customers to unload a variety of APS from Matcher, to Angry Birds. Apple have allowed themselves to appeal to a mass market which enables them to deal with the demographic change of the ageing population and still keep their younger customers interested. The Micro-environment The micro-environment of an organization is the companies or individuals that affect the organizations activities, directly or indirectly. In the micro- environment, the key groups are Customers; Competitors; Suppliers; Intermediaries; and Other stakeholders. I will discuss this environment in terms of Apples customers, competitors and intermediaries. For a company like Apple, it is important to be aware of customer markets and their needs as each market have distinct, separate needs. For example, consumer markets are individuals who will use Apples products for personal and leisure use. The needs of this market will differ noticeably from those of Business markets and Reseller markets who are essentially looking to make further profit/use from Apples products. Palmer, A. (2000) states that ideally, organizations should be able to predict what customers will want next rather than waiting to see before acting. From this, Apple must be aware Of their customers deeds as the success of the phone 5 will rely on how well the company know their customers. Apple is at an advantage as they have had huge success with several other products that has given them an established brand with a huge number of loyal customers. Steve M. Chain, former Apple Marketing Executive and Consumer Marketing Expert comments on Apples advertisements: They are inviting you to experience the Apple lifestyle and to become part of the pod community. This comment shows how Apple have created a community that is associated with the company that customers want to be a part of, this will market their products in itself. As well as predicting what their customers may do/want next, companies must be aware of what their competitors might do next. A company can have direct competitors and indirect competitors. Direct competitors are similar companies who aim to meet customer needs in a similar way as they intend to. For example Samsung would be a direct competitor to Apple as they are in the same industry (mobile phones) and have similar customers who expect similar products and features within those products. Analysiss predict that by the end of 2012 the phone 5 will have sold an estimated million phones, ND Samsung Galaxy SO is to sell around 30 million. Williams, A. (2010). This shows how competitive the mobile phone industry is and the success of a company depends on the loyalty of customers, modern technology in the product and how well the product meets customers expectations. Indirect competitors produce different products, but ultimately satisfy the same need. This type of competitor is hard to identify and therefore it is important for companies to research potential competitors fully in order to be able to respond quickly to changes. Intermediaries are companies such as retailers, distributors and wholesales. These are companies in which most organizations will be involved in and therefore it is important for them to be selling the right image of the organization. Carapace Warehouse would be a retailer of Apple. This could affect Apple because the employees selling an phone 5 directly to a customer will be able to project a positive image of the product to the customer. Similarly, if an employee appears lethargic and detached a customer is unlikely to want to purchase the product they are promoting. The Internal Environment The internal environment of an organization in relation to marketing consists f the organizational structure, its responsibility, finance and the development of its employees. If internal marketing is done effectively, it can help to create an ethos resulting in high quality services to customers. Apples core mission: making the best products and experiences it can for customers. Jog, E. (2012). Jog E also states that Apple have made their employees a priority as they have recognized that when their staff are happy, productivity is increased and therefore profits and revenue is increased in turn. Staff are encouraged and rewarded in order to keep motivation and job distraction at a high as this attitude reflects onto their customers and will give a positive image to the company. Due to the fact that they have implemented rewards such as sabbaticals for employees and blue-sky (see Appendix 1), Apple should not have problems in regards to its internal marketing because of its clear organizational structure and its reward system ensuring employees are supported and happy.